Importance, scope & objectives of Extension Education
Importance:
- Extension uses democratic methods in educating the farmers.
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Extension Helps in adoption of innovations.
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Extension helps in studying and solving the rural problems.
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Extension increases farm yields and improve the standard of living of farmers
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Extension makes good communities better and progressive.
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Extension contributes to national development programmes
Scope:
It includes all activities of rural development. So extension programmes should be dynamic and flexible. The areas indicating scope of Extension are listed below:
It includes all activities of rural development. So extension programmes should be dynamic and flexible. The areas indicating scope of Extension are listed below:
- Increasing efficiency in agricultural production.
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Increasing efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilization of agricultural inputs and outputs
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Conservation, development and use of natural resources.
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Proper farm and home management
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Better family living.
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Youth development.
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Leadership development.
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Community and rural development.
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Improving public affairs for all round development.
Objectives:
- To raise the standard of living of the rural people by helping them in right use of their resources.
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To help in planning and implementing the family and village plans for increasing production in various occupations.
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To provide facilities for better family living.
- Proud of their occupation
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Independent in thinking.
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Constructive in outlook.
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capable, efficient and self-reliant in character
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having love of home and country m their heart
Importance and Scope of Extension Education
Importance of Extension Education:
1. Extension uses democratic methods in educating the farmers.
2. Extension helps in adoption of innovations.
3. Extension helps in studying and solving the rural problems.
4. Extension increases farm yields and improve the standard of living of farmers.
5. Extension makes good communities better and progressive.
6. Extension contributes to national development programmers.
2. Extension helps in adoption of innovations.
3. Extension helps in studying and solving the rural problems.
4. Extension increases farm yields and improve the standard of living of farmers.
5. Extension makes good communities better and progressive.
6. Extension contributes to national development programmers.
Scope of Extension Education:
It includes all activities of rural
development. So extension programmers should be dynamic and flexible.
The areas indicating scope of Extension are listed below:
1. Increasing efficiency in agricultural production.
2. Increasing efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilization of agricultural inputs and outputs.
3. Conservation, development and use of natural resources.
4. Proper farm and home management.
5. Better family living.
6. Youth development
7. Leadership development.
8. Community and rural development.
9. Improving public affairs for all round development.
2. Increasing efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilization of agricultural inputs and outputs.
3. Conservation, development and use of natural resources.
4. Proper farm and home management.
5. Better family living.
6. Youth development
7. Leadership development.
8. Community and rural development.
9. Improving public affairs for all round development.
Principles:
A principle is a statement of policy to guide decision and action in a consistent manner (Mathews).
A principle is a universal truth that has been observed and found to be truth and a settled rule of action.
A principle is a universal truth that has been observed and found to be truth and a settled rule of action.
The principles of extension education are given hereunder:
1. Principle of cultural difference:
1. People differ in thinking, living and culture.
2. Extension education methods should be in line with these differences.
3. It is difficult to recognize non-material culture than material culture.
4. The blue print of extension programme for one area may not suit to other areas.
5. Changes will have to be made in the programmes according to changing situations.
2. Extension education methods should be in line with these differences.
3. It is difficult to recognize non-material culture than material culture.
4. The blue print of extension programme for one area may not suit to other areas.
5. Changes will have to be made in the programmes according to changing situations.
2. Principle of cultural change:
1. Culture undergoes change due to extension.
2. Change occurs otherwise also.
3. Extension Workers should gain the confidence of people.
4. Extension workers should organize result demonstration.
5. After increasing production, the Extension workers should concentrate on marketing.
6. Extension workers have to change to meet the cultural changes among the people.
2. Change occurs otherwise also.
3. Extension Workers should gain the confidence of people.
4. Extension workers should organize result demonstration.
5. After increasing production, the Extension workers should concentrate on marketing.
6. Extension workers have to change to meet the cultural changes among the people.
3. Principle of grass-root organization:
1. Extension workers should pay attention to all the groups’ needs and interests.
2. Imposed innovations have no relevance to groups.
3. People will accept the innovations only when they find those useful.
2. Imposed innovations have no relevance to groups.
3. People will accept the innovations only when they find those useful.
4. Principle of interests and needs:
1. People and extension workers should work together.
2. Co-operation and help of each other needed for social upliftment.
2. Co-operation and help of each other needed for social upliftment.
5. Principle of interests and needs:
1. People should voluntarily participate.
2. Work should start from interests and needs of people.
3. Fulfillment of needs create interests.
4. First concentrate on felt needs and then develop felt needs.
2. Work should start from interests and needs of people.
3. Fulfillment of needs create interests.
4. First concentrate on felt needs and then develop felt needs.
6. Principle of participation:
1. Attachment will not develop by offering ready made things.
2. Participation develops leadership and increases confidence.
3. Involving leaders increases people’s participation.
2. Participation develops leadership and increases confidence.
3. Involving leaders increases people’s participation.
7. Principle of adaptability in the use of teaching methods:
1. People differ in knowledge and understanding.
2. Method should vary accordingly.
3. Use of more than one method is beneficial.
4. If needed new methods must be devised to meet new situations.
2. Method should vary accordingly.
3. Use of more than one method is beneficial.
4. If needed new methods must be devised to meet new situations.
8. Principle of leadership:
1. Extension workers should utilize local leadership for increasing speed of work.
2. Identification, training and encouragement of leaders is necessary.
2. Identification, training and encouragement of leaders is necessary.
9. Principle trained specialists:
1. Agricultural and other sciences are developing speedily.
2. Maintaining competency in any of these sciences is a continuous process.
3. Without specialist’s support the extension cannot strive.
4. SMS is responsible to solve the extension workers problems.
5. Subjects Matter Specialist (SMS) is a link between research and application of research.
6. SMS should have broad outlook and be well versed.
2. Maintaining competency in any of these sciences is a continuous process.
3. Without specialist’s support the extension cannot strive.
4. SMS is responsible to solve the extension workers problems.
5. Subjects Matter Specialist (SMS) is a link between research and application of research.
6. SMS should have broad outlook and be well versed.
10. Principle of satisfaction:
1. The extension programme should give satisfaction to the people.
2. People will not participate if they do not get satisfaction.
2. People will not participate if they do not get satisfaction.
11. Principle of whole family approach:
1. Extension work should reach all the family members.
2. Neglecting any member may result in rejection of innovations e.g. Hybrid maize in U.P.
2. Neglecting any member may result in rejection of innovations e.g. Hybrid maize in U.P.
12. Principle of evaluation:
1. Determining the research results in unbiased way is necessary.
2. Intermittent review of progress is necessary.
3. Corrective measures are needed if the direction is found wrong
4. Behavioural changes should be measured.
5. Evaluation helps in improving the quality of work.
2. Intermittent review of progress is necessary.
3. Corrective measures are needed if the direction is found wrong
4. Behavioural changes should be measured.
5. Evaluation helps in improving the quality of work.
13. Principle of applied Science and Democracy:
1. People have freedom to accept or reject the technology.
2. Applied agricultural Science is a two way process.
2. Applied agricultural Science is a two way process.
14. Principle of Learning by doing:
Some more Other Principles:
1. The citizen is the Sovereign (Supreme) in the democracy.
2. Home is the fundamental unit of civilization.
3. Family is the first training group of the human race and
4. Average farm is endowed with great resources and facilities.
2. Home is the fundamental unit of civilization.
3. Family is the first training group of the human race and
4. Average farm is endowed with great resources and facilities.
Early Efforts in Extension Education
In India extension work has its
beginning with a few outstanding individuals of a philosophic and
philanthropic bent of mind. But they worked in most part in isolation
with one another and without Government assistance whose interest had
been roused through their official contact with the villagers. In
others their imagination and sympathy enabled them to visualize a
better way of life for the villagers. But the work of most of them was
confined to relatively small areas. A study of the more prominent of
these Endeavour’s by Government officials, private individuals and
institutions during the first half of the present century will give and
insight which should be helpful in understanding the back ground of
the community development.
1. Etawah Project
2. Nilokheri Project
3. Gurgaon Experiment
4. Shrinikrtan Attempt
5. Sewagram Attempt
6. Marathandam Attempt
2. Nilokheri Project
3. Gurgaon Experiment
4. Shrinikrtan Attempt
5. Sewagram Attempt
6. Marathandam Attempt
Meaning and Types of Education
Meaning:
Education is the process of bringing
desirable change into the behavior of human beings. It can also be
defined as the “Process of imparting or acquiring knowledge or habits
through instruction or study”. The behavioral changes must be directed
towards a desirable end. They should be acceptable socially, culturally
and comically and result in a change in knowledge, skill, attitude and
understanding.
With the development of society;
education has taken many shapes, such as child education, adult
education, technical education, health education, physical education
and so on. The other broad classification could be:
1. Formal Education
2. Non formal education and
3. Informal Education
Formal Education
Formal Education is:
1. Institutional activity.
2. Chronologically graded hierarchically structured.
3. Uniform.
4. Subject oriented.
5. Full time.
6. Leads to certificates, diplomas, degrees
Non Formal Education
Non Formal Education is:
1. Flexible.
2. Life environment and learner oriented.
3. Diversified in content and method.
4. Non-authoritarian and
5. Built on learner participation.
6. It mobilizes local resources.
7. It enriches human and environmental a potential.
E.g. Agricultural Extension.
Informal Education
Informal Education is:
1. Life long process.
2. Individual learns from daily experiences.
3. Individual learns from exposure to the environment at home, at work, at play etc.
Extension Teaching and Learning
The objectives of Extension Education
are educational in nature. The effort of the change agent is to change
the knowledge, skill and attitudes of the farmers so that their
personality undergoes change. This changed ‘man’ is expected to make
use of modern advances in Science for solving the problems surrounding
him. It is therefore, necessary to understand the teaching and learning
processes in extension education.
Extension Teaching
It is the process of arranging
situations in which the important things learned are called to the
attention of the learners, their interest developed, desire aroused,
and action promoted.
Principles of Extension Teaching:
The principles which need to be followed for making the extension teaching effective are discussed here:
Extension Teaching Requires Specific and Clearly Defined Objectives:
While deciding the objectives of teaching, following aspects are to be considered:
a. People to be taught.
b. Behavioural changes to be developed in people.
c. Content or subject matter to bring the desired change in behaviour.
d. The life situation in which the action is going to take place.
b. Behavioural changes to be developed in people.
c. Content or subject matter to bring the desired change in behaviour.
d. The life situation in which the action is going to take place.
1. Extension Teaching Requires a Suitable Learning Situation:
The learning situation consists of the following five inter-related elements:
a. Instructor (Extension Worker)
b. Learners (Farmers, Women, Youth)
c. Subject Matter (i.e. Agriculture, Horticulture, Social Forestry)
d. Teaching Materials (Seeds, Plants, Audio-visual aids).
b. Learners (Farmers, Women, Youth)
c. Subject Matter (i.e. Agriculture, Horticulture, Social Forestry)
d. Teaching Materials (Seeds, Plants, Audio-visual aids).
2 .Extension Teaching Requires Effective Communication:
Extension teaching, to the effective,
must take into consideration proper functioning of the elements of
communication process.
a. Communicator
b. Message
c. Channel
d. Treatment
e. Audience
Effective communication can motivate people to act.
b. Message
c. Channel
d. Treatment
e. Audience
Effective communication can motivate people to act.
3. Extension Teaching Requires Both Content End Method:
Content means the subject matter.
Method means the delivery system. Content should be relevant and method
should be appropriate.
4. Extension Teaching must be Looked Upon as an Intentional Process:
It should be properly planned on the
basis of existing situation and available research findings. There is no
scope for haphazard thinking and action.
5. Extension Teaching must Result in Effective Learning:
The topic taught should be understood
by the learners. As per the situation, combinations and teaching
methods should be done. It should lead to maximum behavioural change
among the farmers.
6. Extension Teaching Requires Careful Evaluation of Results:
The changes brought about in the
behaviour of people need to be assessed. Later, steps need to be taken
to meet to the deficiencies identified in the process.
Extension Learning
It is the process by which an individual, through his own efforts and abilities, changes his behaviors.
Principles of Learning:
With a new to provide effective
learning experience to rural people, the extension worker should know
the characteristics of learning. These are called as Principles of
learning.
1. Learning is Growth Like and Continuous:
The extension worker should try to
understand the level of the farmer and should try to develop his
understanding. The things already known by and also new ideas should be
clarified. The new ideas may be presented intermittently to emphasis
their importance.
2. Learning should be Meaningful:
The extension worker should place the
objectives of learning very clearly and meaningfully before the
farmers. While doing this, it should be seen that the subject does not
go over the heads of the farmers. The extension education programme
should be within the physical and economic limits of the people.
3. Learning should be able to Make Use of Maximum Number of Sense Organs while Learning:
Seeing hearing, touching, smelling and
testing are the five senses through which an individual learns new
idea. Extension believes in ‘Learning by doing’ and ‘seeing is believing’.
So, demonstrations, visual aids, and other symbols should used by the
extension worker, to make the learning experience more effective.
4. Learning should be Challenging and Satisfying:
Abilities acquiring through learning
should help the farmer to solve the problems, to overcome the
difficulties and gradually lead to a more satisfying life.
5. Learning should Develop Functional Understanding of Learners:
Only acquiring knowledge is not
enough, it must be understood and applied in real life situation. To
develop the functional understanding of the farmers, it is necessary
that he should understand the whole subject, as well as different
topics and their inter-relationships.
6. Learning is Affected by Physical and Social Environment:
Good physical and social environment creates a favorable back ground for effective learning. The student should be required to spend minimum energy in adjusting with the environment. The teacher should create a suitable environment.
Good physical and social environment creates a favorable back ground for effective learning. The student should be required to spend minimum energy in adjusting with the environment. The teacher should create a suitable environment.
7. Learning Ability Varies Widely Among Individuals:
The teaching should be tailored
according to the level of understanding of the farmers. So also, the
subject should be within the capacity of the farmers’ ability to learn.
8. Learning is a Gradual Process, Requiring Several Exposures Before Change is Noticed:
The new ideas have to be vividly
presented through different media in order to make the learning
meaningful. Research shows that for convincing the necessity of
innovation, it has to be presented at least six to eight times through
different media.
9. The Adults have Learning Capacity:
The rate of learning declines about
one percent a year, after the age of 35 years. The main reason for this
is declining physical ability, especially functioning of sense organs.
Reluctance to learning, fear of failure, old habits and impact of
particular ideology are also the reasons for it.
The extension workers should show the things clearly, speak clearly by choosing words carefully, proceed step by step, repeat important ideas, encourage good ideas, and avoid ridicule.
The extension workers should show the things clearly, speak clearly by choosing words carefully, proceed step by step, repeat important ideas, encourage good ideas, and avoid ridicule.
10. Learning is an Active Process on the Part of Learner:
The kind of learning which takes place
is a result of the kind of experience one has. The experiences must be
compelling and directed on the part of learners. The farmer himself
will have to practice the skills to learn them, change the present
attitude to create new attitude, and appreciate new things. Learning is
group facilitates this.
11. Learning Requires Effective Communication:
Learning becomes effective if the
extension worker puts the message in an interesting way with the help
of appropriate audio-visual aids and teaching methods.
12. Theory and Practice should be Related in Learning:
As far as possible, the farmers should
be taught both, theory as well as practice. A proper balance in these
two helps in acquiring high professional competency.
Use of Television for Communication of Information
The electronic media- more so radio
and also television are considered a potential vehicle for
disseminating agricultural technology information. The Indian had it
beginning in 1959. With the objective for assessing the value of
different education TV programmers suitable for group viewing in rural
and urban communities. Television was first demonstrated in India in
1965 at an industrial exhibition. At the conclusion of the exhibition a
part of the apparatus was few programmers designed for community
viewing such as “responsibility of citizenships which include traffic
and road sense, danger to community health etc.
After the success of this experiment, it was decided to extend the scope of the community viewing experiment to school or educational television, which was launched in Oct, 23, 1961 in Delhi schools. From April 1965, television general service was increased to one hour, four days a week. But from August 15, that year it becomes a daily transmission krishi Darshan Programme for better farming precautions was introduced from January 26. 1967. The rural service primarily meant to familiarize the rural viewers with the technical and scientific know how about farming, weather forecasts. The countries second television center came up at Bombay on October 2, 1972. It was quickly followed by Shringar, Amritsar both 1973 Calcutta, Madras and Luck now ( all three in 1975 ) but from August 1, 1975 Doordarshan undertook an historic and a unique steps in its march forward.
The satellite instructional television experiment. Popularly known as SITE, the country’s most exciting and ambitious project was started by Doordarshan. In the beginning. Doordarshan formed a part of all India Radio outfit. But on April 1, 1976, Doordarshan was made an independent department of the ministry of information and Broadcasting. Unit 1982 television in India has not gone colour. From August 15, 1982 colour was introduced. Between 1980 and 1984 several new high power transmitters and low power transmitter’s area and are assessable to the Annual Report of information and Broadcasting Ministry.
Doordarshan now has several channels. DD1 is the National channel available all over the country on certain fix hours. Dd2 and DD3 are also available. There are regional channels for putting out programmers in the 13 regional languages. Krishi Darshan is the oldest well established and the best known program for the rural area and farmers. The foresight and the pioneering sprit of the visionary space scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhia and the initiative of DR. M.S. Swaminathan.
The basic objective of the program is to familiarize the rural audience with the latest technical and scientific know how about the farming practices, rural development programs, to acquaint the viewers with the importance of health, family planning, sanitation, etc.
After the success of this experiment, it was decided to extend the scope of the community viewing experiment to school or educational television, which was launched in Oct, 23, 1961 in Delhi schools. From April 1965, television general service was increased to one hour, four days a week. But from August 15, that year it becomes a daily transmission krishi Darshan Programme for better farming precautions was introduced from January 26. 1967. The rural service primarily meant to familiarize the rural viewers with the technical and scientific know how about farming, weather forecasts. The countries second television center came up at Bombay on October 2, 1972. It was quickly followed by Shringar, Amritsar both 1973 Calcutta, Madras and Luck now ( all three in 1975 ) but from August 1, 1975 Doordarshan undertook an historic and a unique steps in its march forward.
The satellite instructional television experiment. Popularly known as SITE, the country’s most exciting and ambitious project was started by Doordarshan. In the beginning. Doordarshan formed a part of all India Radio outfit. But on April 1, 1976, Doordarshan was made an independent department of the ministry of information and Broadcasting. Unit 1982 television in India has not gone colour. From August 15, 1982 colour was introduced. Between 1980 and 1984 several new high power transmitters and low power transmitter’s area and are assessable to the Annual Report of information and Broadcasting Ministry.
Doordarshan now has several channels. DD1 is the National channel available all over the country on certain fix hours. Dd2 and DD3 are also available. There are regional channels for putting out programmers in the 13 regional languages. Krishi Darshan is the oldest well established and the best known program for the rural area and farmers. The foresight and the pioneering sprit of the visionary space scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhia and the initiative of DR. M.S. Swaminathan.
The basic objective of the program is to familiarize the rural audience with the latest technical and scientific know how about the farming practices, rural development programs, to acquaint the viewers with the importance of health, family planning, sanitation, etc.
Preparing of Television Program
Television has become a good medium
to cover the message to the farmers. It has several advantages over
others mass media by providing words with picture and sound effect. The
effectiveness of television programmers can be increased by changing
the place and time with the help of camera and giving sound effect to
it. It reaches large number of people at short test possible time. The
people learn through eye and ear remember thing better.
The TV Programme can be Prepared in Various Formats:
1. Interview of subject expert.
2. Discussion with subject expert.
3. Documentations.
4. Dramatized formats.
5. Musical formats e.g. Powada, Bharud and other folk from.
6. Features which include both dramatized, documentation and experts.
Out of these formats, most popular formats is the interview of subject expert and discussion, but these formats are used occasionally as they are more expensive, time consuming and tedious however these formats entertainment value and are poplar. But argil, programmers are informative in nature their success depends on the preparation by expert and his performance.
1. Interview of subject expert.
2. Discussion with subject expert.
3. Documentations.
4. Dramatized formats.
5. Musical formats e.g. Powada, Bharud and other folk from.
6. Features which include both dramatized, documentation and experts.
Out of these formats, most popular formats is the interview of subject expert and discussion, but these formats are used occasionally as they are more expensive, time consuming and tedious however these formats entertainment value and are poplar. But argil, programmers are informative in nature their success depends on the preparation by expert and his performance.
Procedure for Developing Television Programme
1. Selection of subject: The subject and matter
selected for telecast should be on the felt needs of the audience and it
should be timely. The subject should be location specific and within
the resources of the people.
2. Collect the detail information of the subject by referring books and by discussing with experts farmers.
3. Determine the main points to be covered, concentrate on few important aspects of the subject. Never try to give maximum technical information by covering many points.
4. Divide the programme into important steps. It is better to list out the steps in logical consult the resources persons for checking accuracy of the information.
5. Decide the audience to whom the program is telecasted.
6. Choose the formats or method of presentations i.e. demonstration interview, dramatic presentation locals, forum. Etc.
7. Decide the visuals i.e. sample model, chart, and graph act to bus in the programme. Fix the time required place and method of presenting visual.
8. Prepare the put line of the programmed. Divide the sheet in columns. Writer the things, which are to be shown on, left while in the right hand column put the thing that are to be talked. Title the left column video and right column ‘Audio ‘. The thing t be shown and thing to be said should be written opposite to each other on the page. Make the beginning attractive and interesting.
9. If possible give supporting information e.g. information of a variety give the experience of the farmer with actual photography of the crops At. The extreme left of the page indicate time required in minutes and seconds for each step and also showing visual.
10. Prepare the script by discussing with producer, experts and time available.
11. Think on the audience profile i.e. These who never see.
The programme, feel that not necessary to see the programme, known the information, for some time see the programme and the stop, see the programmed but do of think on it and see the programme carefully. Concentrate on those who see the programme but do not think on it and see the programme for time and then stop.
2. Collect the detail information of the subject by referring books and by discussing with experts farmers.
3. Determine the main points to be covered, concentrate on few important aspects of the subject. Never try to give maximum technical information by covering many points.
4. Divide the programme into important steps. It is better to list out the steps in logical consult the resources persons for checking accuracy of the information.
5. Decide the audience to whom the program is telecasted.
6. Choose the formats or method of presentations i.e. demonstration interview, dramatic presentation locals, forum. Etc.
7. Decide the visuals i.e. sample model, chart, and graph act to bus in the programme. Fix the time required place and method of presenting visual.
8. Prepare the put line of the programmed. Divide the sheet in columns. Writer the things, which are to be shown on, left while in the right hand column put the thing that are to be talked. Title the left column video and right column ‘Audio ‘. The thing t be shown and thing to be said should be written opposite to each other on the page. Make the beginning attractive and interesting.
9. If possible give supporting information e.g. information of a variety give the experience of the farmer with actual photography of the crops At. The extreme left of the page indicate time required in minutes and seconds for each step and also showing visual.
10. Prepare the script by discussing with producer, experts and time available.
11. Think on the audience profile i.e. These who never see.
The programme, feel that not necessary to see the programme, known the information, for some time see the programme and the stop, see the programmed but do of think on it and see the programme carefully. Concentrate on those who see the programme but do not think on it and see the programme for time and then stop.
Writing and Evaluating Extension Literature
Literature is a basis of any
teaching programmed. The written material is often supported by
appropriate illustration and used as extension tool. Leaflet, pamphlet
and bulletin play in important role in extension teaching. These are
the simple and brief publication for givens information to the farmers.
How to write:
1., Select the subject of your interest and knowledge.
2. Approach the farmer (Probable reader 0 to know their interest. The reader’s interest should be kept in mind rather than authors interest.
3. Review the relevant literature and discuss with experts.
4. After collecting the information, decide the information into three parts i.e. essential desirable and can be committed.
5. Arrange the information in the sequence.
Writing the Script:
1. Introduction should be direct. In the beginning the subject should be clear.
2. Always start from simple to complex or familiar to unfamiliar, treat the reader with respect. Do not use many unfamiliar or complex highs- sounding. it will help to understand the subject.
3. Sentences should be simple and clear.
4. Only one idea in one sentence. The sentences should be understandable. The complex sentences should be avoided.
5. Be accurate, specific and brief while writing.
6. Have short paragraph.
7. Write the information in the sequence.
8. The cover should be appealing and attractive. The illustration should be appropriate to the subject.
9. The title should be short and appealing.
10. Symbols and complicated diagrams should be avoided.
11. Use suitable type of lettering. Bold and clear letters are better. Positioning and spacing of letters is important in increasing efficiency.
12. Prepare the complete script and after few hours or next day review it or show it to others.
13. Printing of extension literature should be on good quality proper with good type.
14. Printing of extension literature should be done on good quality paper with good type.
Leaflet:
Leaflet is a single sheet of paper folded to make four- page piece of print matte. The leaflet usually given accurate or specific information on a particular topic. Leaflets are mostly for giving a “ how to do or process story, a set of improved practice to be followed in solving a home or farm operation “ Illustration is place important role in leaflet.
Pamphlet:
Pamphlet is a small – unbound booklet on some optic. It has 12 – 24 pages and deals with one problem in details.
Bulletin:
Bulletin is a bulkier publication with 24 to 50 pages and convey large amount of information for applying in local situation. It covers more technical information.
How to write:
1., Select the subject of your interest and knowledge.
2. Approach the farmer (Probable reader 0 to know their interest. The reader’s interest should be kept in mind rather than authors interest.
3. Review the relevant literature and discuss with experts.
4. After collecting the information, decide the information into three parts i.e. essential desirable and can be committed.
5. Arrange the information in the sequence.
Writing the Script:
1. Introduction should be direct. In the beginning the subject should be clear.
2. Always start from simple to complex or familiar to unfamiliar, treat the reader with respect. Do not use many unfamiliar or complex highs- sounding. it will help to understand the subject.
3. Sentences should be simple and clear.
4. Only one idea in one sentence. The sentences should be understandable. The complex sentences should be avoided.
5. Be accurate, specific and brief while writing.
6. Have short paragraph.
7. Write the information in the sequence.
8. The cover should be appealing and attractive. The illustration should be appropriate to the subject.
9. The title should be short and appealing.
10. Symbols and complicated diagrams should be avoided.
11. Use suitable type of lettering. Bold and clear letters are better. Positioning and spacing of letters is important in increasing efficiency.
12. Prepare the complete script and after few hours or next day review it or show it to others.
13. Printing of extension literature should be on good quality proper with good type.
14. Printing of extension literature should be done on good quality paper with good type.
Leaflet:
Leaflet is a single sheet of paper folded to make four- page piece of print matte. The leaflet usually given accurate or specific information on a particular topic. Leaflets are mostly for giving a “ how to do or process story, a set of improved practice to be followed in solving a home or farm operation “ Illustration is place important role in leaflet.
Pamphlet:
Pamphlet is a small – unbound booklet on some optic. It has 12 – 24 pages and deals with one problem in details.
Bulletin:
Bulletin is a bulkier publication with 24 to 50 pages and convey large amount of information for applying in local situation. It covers more technical information.
News Stories
What is News?
News is any timely information, which is collected from North, East, West and South direction, which interest a number of persons. The best news is that which has greatest interest for the number of people.
News Story:
A news story is an account of events in sequence. It is used mainly to get information to many people quickly.
Sources of News:
Some of the sources of news material are results of demonstration, review of research publication, accomplishment of farmers, account meeting etc.
Kinds of News:
Extension news stories tend to group themselves into one or more of the following categories.
1. Advance event articles
2. Follow- up event articles
3. Information articles
4. Feature articles
5. Experience and success stories.
6. New developments
7. Predictions
8. Subject matter
Writing the Story:
While writing follow these rules.
1. Use five ‘W’ and one ‘H’ as the guide i.e. to answer who, what, why, when, Where and how.
2. Easy to understand.
3. In the language of the village people who are reading the story.
4. Accurate in all details.
5. In short sentences and paragraph.
6. Write the lead sentence.
7. Avoid using your personal opinion.
8. Use A.B.C of new stories i.e. accuracy, brevity and clarity for writing.
News Structure:
a) Head:
it is capsule opening center at the top of news. Heading must summaries the entire news, which arouses interest. It should be brief, clear and stimulating. Effective words should be used to make it meaningful and catchy.
B. Lead:
The lead is the opening part of news story or the introduction of the story. It is condensed news. Which gives abstract of entire information.
Most of the news leads falls into following two major forms.
1. Inverted Pyramid (Summary) Lead:
The name is self explanatory because a lead written in this forms summarizes its story. A summary lead is expended to answer as may as possible of the six questions: Who? When? Where? Why? And How?
2. Upright Pyramid (Suspended interest)Lead:
Placing the real climax or features of a story somewhere other than in the lead is effective and exciting in what is known as the suspended interest story. Often the climax in a story is in the final paragraph.
3. Body:
It gibes details information about the event. It should be made simple, clear and easy to read.
Guidelines for Making a News Copy:
1. Always use white standard size paper (8 ½ X 11 inches)
2. Always type in double space.
3. Leave 3 to 4 inch margin at the top of your first page write your name and address at the upper leaf hand corner. Leave margin approximately one inch wide at the sides and bottom of the page.
4. If you include a headline, type it at the top copy on your first page, but still leave the three inch top margin.
5. Type in bold letter ‘News for publication.’
6. if your story requires more than one page, write: more: or “continued” at the bottom of your first sheet and bottom of all following pages.
7. Use standard proof reading symbols for showing correction.
8. Write the editor’s address.
9. It is best to deliver or mail copy flat; because that is the way it must be handled. But newspaper will not object too much if you mail your copy folded in thirds from bottom to top. Folding your copy more than this will make it too difficult to handle when unfolded.
News is any timely information, which is collected from North, East, West and South direction, which interest a number of persons. The best news is that which has greatest interest for the number of people.
News Story:
A news story is an account of events in sequence. It is used mainly to get information to many people quickly.
Sources of News:
Some of the sources of news material are results of demonstration, review of research publication, accomplishment of farmers, account meeting etc.
Kinds of News:
Extension news stories tend to group themselves into one or more of the following categories.
1. Advance event articles
2. Follow- up event articles
3. Information articles
4. Feature articles
5. Experience and success stories.
6. New developments
7. Predictions
8. Subject matter
Writing the Story:
While writing follow these rules.
1. Use five ‘W’ and one ‘H’ as the guide i.e. to answer who, what, why, when, Where and how.
2. Easy to understand.
3. In the language of the village people who are reading the story.
4. Accurate in all details.
5. In short sentences and paragraph.
6. Write the lead sentence.
7. Avoid using your personal opinion.
8. Use A.B.C of new stories i.e. accuracy, brevity and clarity for writing.
News Structure:
a) Head:
it is capsule opening center at the top of news. Heading must summaries the entire news, which arouses interest. It should be brief, clear and stimulating. Effective words should be used to make it meaningful and catchy.
B. Lead:
The lead is the opening part of news story or the introduction of the story. It is condensed news. Which gives abstract of entire information.
Most of the news leads falls into following two major forms.
1. Inverted Pyramid (Summary) Lead:
The name is self explanatory because a lead written in this forms summarizes its story. A summary lead is expended to answer as may as possible of the six questions: Who? When? Where? Why? And How?
2. Upright Pyramid (Suspended interest)Lead:
Placing the real climax or features of a story somewhere other than in the lead is effective and exciting in what is known as the suspended interest story. Often the climax in a story is in the final paragraph.
3. Body:
It gibes details information about the event. It should be made simple, clear and easy to read.
Guidelines for Making a News Copy:
1. Always use white standard size paper (8 ½ X 11 inches)
2. Always type in double space.
3. Leave 3 to 4 inch margin at the top of your first page write your name and address at the upper leaf hand corner. Leave margin approximately one inch wide at the sides and bottom of the page.
4. If you include a headline, type it at the top copy on your first page, but still leave the three inch top margin.
5. Type in bold letter ‘News for publication.’
6. if your story requires more than one page, write: more: or “continued” at the bottom of your first sheet and bottom of all following pages.
7. Use standard proof reading symbols for showing correction.
8. Write the editor’s address.
9. It is best to deliver or mail copy flat; because that is the way it must be handled. But newspaper will not object too much if you mail your copy folded in thirds from bottom to top. Folding your copy more than this will make it too difficult to handle when unfolded.
Use of Electronic Media in Argil Journalism
Mass media sources like radio,
television and type recorders are owned by large numbers of farmers,
radio and television enjoy high level of credibility and farmers prider
to seek information through radio and television, than other mass
media. The electronic media is going to play more important role in
dissemination of information. Thus there is a need to give more emphasis
on electronic media in future.
Apart from radio and television, audio and video cassettes, satellite communication, interactive Visio disc and computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) and Internet have transformed the field of mass communication. The use of electronic media in journalism has made. The world smaller through instant access to reality. It can effectively fulfill the criteria of five W’s and one ‘H’ of journalism. Television provides viewers with realistic experience, which capture their attention and motivate them in proper direction.
Radio and television can easily break the literacy barrier. They are more accessible to rural population as compared to print media. Success stores, demonstration, question- answers, features. On improved from technique and latest information from research laboratories can easily made available to farmers. The market news, weather forecasting, information about GOVT. schemes etc is made available to farmers through electronic media. The advent of privet channels on television has opened the nesters of journalism through electronic media and ides of farm rural journalism through media is spreading fast.
Apart from radio and television, audio and video cassettes, satellite communication, interactive Visio disc and computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) and Internet have transformed the field of mass communication. The use of electronic media in journalism has made. The world smaller through instant access to reality. It can effectively fulfill the criteria of five W’s and one ‘H’ of journalism. Television provides viewers with realistic experience, which capture their attention and motivate them in proper direction.
Radio and television can easily break the literacy barrier. They are more accessible to rural population as compared to print media. Success stores, demonstration, question- answers, features. On improved from technique and latest information from research laboratories can easily made available to farmers. The market news, weather forecasting, information about GOVT. schemes etc is made available to farmers through electronic media. The advent of privet channels on television has opened the nesters of journalism through electronic media and ides of farm rural journalism through media is spreading fast.
Reading Behavior of Rural People and Rural Libraries
The rural population include and neoliteratres. There is undoubtedly some different between reading habit of rural and urban masses, which include greater percentage of highly literate and literate individuals. The rural people read literature published mostly in local language the time spent on reading, source of reading material, consistency in reading habit and the filed of liking. The study of reading behavior of rural people can give insight in using the print media as a means for establishing communication link with them.
The traditional meaning of library is collection of books for reading, catering the needs of various selection of the society.
However in rural areas the libraries can effectively perform the role of center for disseminating knowledge not only through reading material but also through other media of communication, which can enhance the knowledge of rural people in the fields of their interest. The process of continuous education of neoliterates and providing platform for non formal education are the important function of rural libraries.
Social Group
Man’s life is enormous extent a group life. Human
group is the elemental unit for functioning in societies. By group we
mean any collection of human beings who are brought in to social
relationship with one another. Social relationship is the relationship
in which members involved are aware of each other’s presence. When
people cannot achieve any objective individually they come together and
work towards the common objective with joint efforts. Social groups are
vital for human existence.
A social group can be defined as two or more persons who came together to achieve common objectives.
According to Maclver “By group we mean any collection
of human beings who are brought into social relationship with one
another.”
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff “Whenever two or more
individuals come together and influence one another, they may be said
to constitute a social group.”
Group consists of leaders and following “Leader is a
person who influence the group in its efforts towards the common
objectives.”
Rural Family
Family can be defined as a relatively
permanent and socially sanctioned group of parent, and children. It may
all so include near relatives of husband or wife as in case of joint
family. The members of the family are relate to each other by blood or
by marriage. The family as basic unit of all the societies. Almost all
the human beings are born into family. When they matured they marry and
establish families of their own. Membership in the family is permanent
except for the withdrawal of the adult children or in case of family
disorganization by divorce. Sometimes the term family includes all the
members of group of person other than mother, father and their children
who occupies a common dwelling place.
According to Maclver “family is a
group defined by sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to
provide for procreation and upbringing of children”. Ogburn and Nimkoff
say, “Family is more or less durable association of husband and wife
with children or of a man and women alone.”
Different Problems Faced by the Village Primary School
1. Lack of proper school building.
2. Lack of adequate and trained teaching staff.
3. Lack of adequate teaching and sport material.
4. Lack of interest on the part of parents.
5. Lack of interest on the part of students.
Intelligence
Children as well as adults recognize
differences among people in ability to meet
situation in which habitual behavior of routine responses are
inadequate. According their success or failure in everyday activity
individuals are described as bright, quick, smart, dull, slow etc.
The person who applies these terms to another is comparing his
behavior with others.
Meaning:
Intelligence is a concept. It is
difficult to define. Psychologists have defined the term intelligence
in different way. The term is usually applied to those mental
activities that constitute higher mantel processes.
A persons intelligence is evaluated in
terms of overt behavior that reflects the Functioning of complex
elements comprising mantel capacity. The another concept of
intelligence is readiness to learn, ability to do abstract thinking
and ability to adopt to
novel stations with speed and accuracy. In the mental process it is
said that it is a degree of effectiveness in perception, memory,
reasoning and imagination. It is general capacity of an individual
conscious to adjust his thinking to new requirements. Stoddard says,
“Intelligence is the ability to undertake activities that are
characterized by difficulty, complexity, abstractness, speed,
adaptivenss to goal, social value innovativeness and to maintain such
activities under conditions that demand a concentration of energy and
resistance to emotional forces. Other says that, it is ability to adapt
adequately to the environment, general tendency toward achievement.
Some says that it is the mixture of particular abilities called as
amplitudes.
Intelligent behavior is Classified into Three Kinds:
a) Social,
b) Mechanical,
c) Abstract.
a) Social Intelligence: Understanding of people and the ability to act wisely in human relationship.
b) Mechanical Intelligence: It means the skill in manipulation tools managing the working of machines.
c) Abstract Intelligence: It is the
ability to handle symbols and ideas such as words, numbers, formulas
and scientific principles.
Factors Affecting Intelligence
1) Heredity and Environment:
Heredity provided the physical body to
be developed with certain inherent capabilities while environment
provides for the maturation and training of the organism. In 1940
Newman concluded that variations in I.Q. were determined about 68% by
heredity and 32% by environment.
During an individual’s life time
variation in I.Q. is due to environment, since the heredity cannot
change. Improved nutrition health, an stimulus situations would account
for this change. Environment of children ages 2 to 4 years appears to
be critical since the child normally learns language at this time.
Better homes, school, medical facilities, less economic discrimination.
Provides a mean for achieving a mentally able population.
2) Age:
A person who bright or dull in
childhood tends to remain bright or dull throughout his life. Growth I
intelligence can continue through the early twenties, person achieves
his maximum 10 at about 20 years are and remain stable till 10 years
and decreases after that. Some abilities remain constant while others
decline rapidly due to decline in physical efficiency. It is observed
that the more intelligent person has more rapid of mental growth and
continues to develop longer than does the mentally less able.
3) Race and Nationality:
There is no prominent evidence to show
that race in a factor for determining intellectual level. Difference
exist between families are due to environment. The differences in races
are also due to opportunity for training in early years.
All evidence indicates that there is
little or no difference in inherited intellectual capacity due to race.
There are differences, mostly due to opportunities for training and
learning. The idea of inferior races due to heredity is not true.
4) Culture:
Answer in intelligent test question
are highly cultural. Cultural will determine the degree of a person’s
attitude and abilities.
5) Health and Physical Development:
Physical and mental health is related
to one’s ability to gain desired achievement. A mental activity with
delicate health, one may not possess enough energy to engage in mental
activity to the extent that he achieves success. Physical defects such
as in complete maturation of brain cells sensory and physical handicaps
many interfere with observable intelligent behavior. Diseases also
affect intelligence. Emotional bodies may interferes one’s ability.
Unfavorable health affects mental status of the individual.
6) Sex:
It is a popular belief that boys are
suppose to be more intelligent than girls. The research studies have
shown that there is no significant differences between the sexes, on
the average, girls seems to show slight superiority in language, memory
and appreciation. Differences in intelligence are caused partly by
environmental conditions
7) Social and Economic Conditions:
Home plays a significance role in the
early developmental years. Home conditions influence on behaviours
attitude. The financial status or the parents, neighborhood and
environmental conditions also affect on the intelligence but due to
their soci-economic status.
Mentally defective, People (Feeble –
minded): Individuals whose I.Q.’s are below 70 they are called as
mentally defective or feeble – minded people. They suffer from mamentia
or luck of mind. Ladiecy-It is lowest grade of
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